Why don't we start building a glossary? Here's a few words to start:
Blank
A piece of material onto which a pattern will be cut.
Bridge
A small section that provides a connection between two parts of a pattern. Without the bridge, one of those parts may fall out when the pattern is cut.
Floater
A section of the pattern that is not connected to any other part of the pattern after cutting. Withou modification, the floater will fall out of the pattern. E.g. the center of the letter 'O' in a Negative Pattern.
Negative Pattern
A pattern that removes the parts of the pattern that indicate shadow, with the intent of backing with a dark surface. The dark backer combined with the light remaining material create the image.
Peninsula
A long section of the remainining material in a pattern that is supported at only one small place. The weak support makes the extended shape subject to breaking while cutting, sanding, or handling.
Positive Pattern
A pattern that cuts an outline of the parts of the blank that defines the final shape. E.g. cutting the outline of letters to be assembled into words to be mounted on a backer to create a plaque.
Render
The action of converting a color or grayscale photographic image into a cuttable pattern.
Spiral
A blade formed by the twisting of the blade along its axis to form cutting surfaces 360 degrees around the blade.
Any others that would be worth adding?